Money is a matter of functions four: a medium, a measure, a standard and a store. Introduction Before the medium of exchange - that is, "money" - came into the picture, there was no standard for the trade. The primitive humans, who were primarily hunter-gatherer socities did not require any medium of exchange. Since these socities were typically small and highly mobile, with individuals and groups relying on hunting, gathering, and foraging for their sustenance. The social organization of hunter-gatherer societies was relatively egalitarian, with individuals working together to ensure the well-being of the group. Constitution of Nations As the human socities became more sedentary and settled, the need for more complex social and political structures emerged. The development of agriculture and the establishment of permanent settlements allowed for the growth of larger communities and the emergence of social hierarchies. The need for exchange of goods and services aro...

I am a warrior; defending my nation is my Dharma. I will train my mind, body and spirit to fight, excel in all devices and weapons - present and future. Always protect the weak, be truthful and forthright, be humane, cultured and compassionate, fight and embrace the consequences willingly. God give me strength that I ask nothing of you. ~ Bhagwat Gita Background Constitution of National Power Power has always been an integral constituent of inter-state relations. Kautilya defined it as the possession of 'Might and Strength'. In the present-day global environment, our National Power gives us the ability and capability to secure our National Interests (capacities in the military, economic, science & technology, leadership, National character, education, and influence (Diplomacy)) and also National Borders. Power is broadly classified as Hard Power and Soft Power. Hard Power facilitates the use of military, economic and political means to influence other States; Soft Power us...

Pre and Post Coronavirus way of life Coronavirus or COVID-19 is now synonymous to lockdowns, curfews, massive airport screenings, quarantine and social distancing across the globe. It has affected every aspect of - political, economic, social, technological and cultural - life. The world as we know before the coronavirus and after the coronavirus is not going to be the same. There will be many fundamental changes in an individual's life, structural changes in the functioning of the society, and functional changes on the professional front. Already face masks, social distancing, priority to health etc. have become the new norm across the globe. Background On December 31, 2019, China reported the World Health Organization (WHO) about the outbreak of cluster of cases and pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan City in Hubei province. On January 09, 2020, WHO issued a statement saying Chinese researchers have made "preliminary determination" of the virus as a nov...

21 st century is marred by the outbreak of various zoonotic diseases. Be it the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Nipah virus encephalitis, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Swine Flu (H1N1) or Bird Flu (H5N1). They have resulted in millions of fatalities around the globe. The new addition in this line is the new strain of coronavirus i.e. SARS-CoV2 which has resulted into COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic is notified as 'biological' disaster by the government of India. Hence it is important to understand the meaning of “biological disaster” and assess India’s preparedness with respect to handling of a “biological disaster”. Means to Counter Biological disaster As per the constitutional norm, health is a state subject. The primary responsibility of dealing with the state government. There are a number of legislations that control and govern the nation's health. Government can enforce these legislations to contain the sp...

Who came first - Viruses or Humans? Do humans really mark the pinnacle of evolution of viruses? While we’ve evolved along a pathway of ever-increasing complexity, viruses have streamlined, successfully jettisoning all but a handful of essential genes. Viruses are the most abundant biological entities on Earth. They are present everywhere, in our surrounding, the oceans, the soil and in every living being. Retroviruses contributed to about half of our genomic sequences and to the evolution of the mammalian placenta. Contemporary viruses reflect evolution ranging from the RNA world to the DNA-protein world. Viruses and Bacteria both descended from an ancient cellular life form. But while - like humans - bacteria evolved to become more complex, viruses became simpler. Today, viruses are so small and simple, thet can't even replicate on their own. Viruses carry only the essential genetic information they need to be able to slip inside a host cell and coax it into making new ...

Nirbhaya Case History: 16 th December of 2012 was the day when India witnessed a horrific incident. Because of the heinous incident, India lost a daughter once again, but the daughter had to go through more than what is called heart-wrenching. It was the night when Jyoti Singh was gang raped and her friend Awindra Pratap Pandey was almost beaten to death. Though, he somehow escaped the fury of death. Jyoti, was fighting for her life after she had been brutally assaulted by six men. The six men (Ram Singh, the bus driver, Mukesh Singh, his brother, Vinay Sharma, an assistant gym instructor, Pawan Gupta, a fruit seller, Akshay Thakur and a Juvenile) were already present in a bus that Jyoti along with her male friend boarded. It is believed that the men on the bus passed some comment to which Jyoti and her friend reacted. After this, the men couldn’t stand that a woman raised her voice. In order to satisfy their ego, they raped Jyoti. One of them was a juvenile too and is said t...

Youth UNESCO Definition: Best understand as a period of transition from the dependence on childhood to adulthood's independence and awareness of our independence as a member of a community. Youth is a more fluid category rather than a fixed age group. Youth being enthusiastic, vibrant, innovative and dynamic in nature is the most important section of the population. They are the most valuable segment of the population and are not a ready laboratory to test the finished products of the state apparatus. Rather, they are the variables that should be utilized for creating new opportunities based on the skills of contemporary relevance. The youth of the nation are the trustees of prosperity. Youth force is dynamic in nature as most skills and orientations are acquired in this age. The youth can act ideally as a bridge between two generations. It is an age cohort that, if explained properly, can understand the need of flexibility in order to smoothen its own growth and development...

Source:  https://www.eci.gov.in/ General Election, the biggest Democratic 'Festival' (comes every five year) was ended on 19.05.2019. This festival was observed in 543 constituencies across 29 states and 7 Union Territories (UTs), spread over a month, in seven phases. About 900 million citizens were eligible to vote in one of the seven phases depending on the region. More than 350 political parties of various sizes and ideologies contested to win the trust of the people and vie to win seats in Lok Sabha. The finale (counting of votes) will be concluded on 23 May, 2019. Some of the important national issues (according to me) on which General Election - 2019 was fought on are as follows: National Security India in the recent times have been struggling with the problem of terrorism. Action against terrorism and extremism was the main focus by the majority of the political parties. The issue of lousy procurement policies in defense and declining defense budget was als...

Agriculture is a backbone of any economy, and it is the activity by which food is produced by the optimal use of territorial resources such as land and water. Agriculture in simple terms can be defined as "the cultivation and/ or production of crop plants or livestock products" . A growing global population and changing diet are driving up the demand for food. Production is struggling to keep up as crop yields level off in many parts of the world, ocean health declines, and natural resources - including soil, water and biodiversity - are stretched dangerously thin. The food security challenge will only become more difficult, as the world will need more food for the growing population. This rising concern of food security coupled with output productivity of lands and crop yields made scientist think something about smart agriculture/ climate-smart agriculture. Climate-smart Agriculture   is a revolution in the agriculture industry that helps to guide actions required to...

History of INDIA is very rich in terms of having Kingdoms, Architecture, Literature and many other things, and agriculture has always been in focus point for the economic activity. Over centuries growth of agriculture has contributed a lot in rise of civilisations. Before agriculture became the widespread activity, peoples were nomads. They roam around in search of food - hunting wild animals and gathering wild eatable plants - on daily basis. They were not settlers so they did not prosper. Eventually people learnt how to grow cereals and other edible roots, this was the turning point when they decided to settle down and live a life based on farming. Over some centuries dependence on agriculture increased heavily because of  which civilisations prosper a lot. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) or Harappan Civilisation  (one of the several civilizations during that time period), which was situated on the bank on the river Indus, prosper because farming started producing surplus...

Earlier I have written about the  Evolution of Technology , in which I have talked about how inventions and innovations have happened to develop new technology and ideas in the past . Now in this blog I am going to talk the Miniaturization of technology in day-to-day term we call it 'Nanotechnology'.   This nanotechnology is the new upcoming ideas towards the future. It has already passed several steps, and yet it is in the process of refinement. Nanotechnology can be defined as a branch of technology and deals with dimensions and tolerance of less than 100 nano-meters, especially the manipulation of individual atom or molecule.  and engineering of functional or as engineering of functional system at the molecular scale. Some experts may still insist that nanotechnology can refer to measurement or visualization at the scale of 1-100 nano-meters, but a consensus seems to be forming around the that control and restructuring of matter at the nano-scale is a nec...

Becoming a superpower is one of the most intriguing dream of any person or country. When we talk about person we talk talk about domination of one person over the others, but when we talk about the country we are talking about the world domination. When a country think to dominate the world, it has to prove itself not just in one field, but in many. This process is not simple and easy as it sounds. Even though becoming the dominating power, being an authoritative and influential power to other countries of the world is not new, and its roots have deep embedded in our history. As we all know that today the world is a multi-polar world, means there are multiple emerging powers in different regions of the world, but one power above all is United States of America. But the situation has never been the same, there were times when other countries in the world has dominated the rest. It is an evolving process in which every country has got the chance if it fulfill the expectations/criteria...

Ancient Greek Philosopher Plato had once said that 'Necessity is the Mother of Invention'; means difficult/different problems and situations require whole new thoughts and ideas to counter it. These new ideas help in the invention or innovation, creation or development of machines, devices and computers, above all factories (where are these can be made or manufactured). These are used for the production of certain goods & services, and also for the accomplishment of certain scientific objectives. Earlier when it is thought that the resources present in the world are limited. To survive, these resources needs to be snatched from the others. This was the period when the idea of Mercantilism prevail in the world. Because of this thought most of the European Nations expanded themselves all over the world (esp. Great Britain). But in the  eighteenth century AD when industrial revolution began in United Kingdom, then the idea of  Mercantilism  faded. They started to th...